TetanusTetanus

Tetanus is a serious disease caused by a toxin made by Clostridium tetani bacteria. Its spores live in the environment, especially in soil, dust, ash and manure, and can enter the body through a wound.

Rust does not cause tetanus. A rusty nail or other object can be dangerous if it is dirty and makes a deep wound, but wounds caused by objects without rust can also become contaminated.

Higher-risk wounds

• Punctures or deep wounds.
• Wounds contaminated with soil, dust, faeces or saliva.
• Animal bites.
• Burns, crush injuries or wounds with damaged tissue.
• Wounds caused by thorns, splinters, nails or other contaminated objects.

Tetanus does not spread from person to person.

• A stiff jaw or difficulty opening the mouth.
• Stiffness in the neck and other muscles.
• Sudden, very painful muscle spasms.
• Difficulty swallowing or breathing.
• Fever, sweating or a fast heartbeat.

Tetanus is a medical emergency. If stiffness, spasms or difficulty swallowing or breathing develop, seek urgent medical help.

What should we do after an injury?

A child should always tell an adult. For initial wound care:

• Wash your hands before touching the wound.
• Rinse it with clean water and carefully remove visible dirt.
• Clean around it with soap and water and cover it with a clean dressing.
• Seek medical assessment if the wound is deep, very dirty, caused by a bite or the vaccination record is uncertain.

Vaccination is the best way to prevent tetanus. Children should receive the full primary series and boosters recommended in their local vaccination schedule.

After certain wounds, a healthcare professional checks the vaccination history and decides whether a vaccine dose is needed and, for people who are not adequately vaccinated, whether tetanus immune globulin is required for rapid, temporary protection.

Vaccines can feel a little frightening, but they train our defences. Avoid building sites, rubble and sharp objects when playing, and immediately tell an adult about any wound.